Step 1:
Dealing with an injury or illness is stressful for the patient as well as the family. When an insurance carrier denies payment on a medical procedure or therapy that has been performed or requested to be performed by your treating physician, it can precipitate a crisis situation. Since each insurance policy is different, it would be impossible to write a fail proof plan that would work for each patient in all situations. Each patient and each situation is unique. This guide is designed to help patients and their loved ones navigate the appeal process. It contains suggestions and general advice. It should not be interpreted as a substitute for legal counsel.

It is also important to point out that support from your treating physician and specialist is critical. Your physician is the professional trained to assess and recommend a treatment plan for you.

Simply stated, a 'denial' means that the insurance company has decided not to pay for the procedure or therapy that your doctor has recommended. The procedure or therapy may have already been performed or may be scheduled in the near future. If the denied procedure has not yet been performed, the insurer may be denying the request for pre-authorization. 'Pre-authorization' means that the insurer has given approval for a patient to receive a treatment, test, or surgical procedure before it has actually occurred. The goal of the appeal process is to allow the patient to be heard and provide any and all necessary information to convince the insurance company to change its decision and provide coverage for the procedure. This guide is also designed to provide a logical approach to the appeal process. When submitting your appeal, keep in mind that the best defense is a good offense. In other words, it is generally better to take the time to gather all the necessary information and submit a well thought out appeal packet than to hastily submit a response and miss the opportunity to educate the insurance company about your specific situation. There are several steps you should take to produce a thorough appeal packet.

These steps are:
1. gather preliminary information
2. understand the illness and the insurance
3. write the appeal letters
4. evaluate the result

Step 2:
If you do not already have a file and a notebook to document all correspondence, start one now. You should keep a record of all letters your receive and a log of all telephone calls you make or receive related to the denial. Over time you may forget people's names and dates. This documentation will help you stay organized and focused on your goal. There are specific questions you need to ask once you are notified the procedure will not be covered through pre-authorization.

When did you receive notice of the denial?

How did you receive notification of the denial?

Did your doctor notify you directly, or did the administrator or insurer notify you directly?

Did you receive a letter or phone call from the insurance company?

Did you receive a statement from your insurance company stating that your bills will not be paid?

First and foremost, you need to get a copy of the denial letter. Under the Employee Retirement and Income Security Act (ERISA), your denial letter should include a specific reason for the denial and a reference to your plan explaining the basis for the denial. For example, is your insurance company denying to pay for your treatment because it considers it to be experimental? Or, do you belong to an HMO that does not have out-of-network benefits and you wish to go to an out-of-network provider? Place a call to the doctor's office and find out what information was submitted to the insurance company and ask for a copy of the information and the letter written by your doctor requesting payment authorization.

If your requests are ignored, you should put them in writing to make a record of your attempts to obtain the information you need. If you have received a denial for a procedure that has already taken place and there are bills that are unpaid, you need to begin to backtrack to find out why.

Does your insurance company require procedures to be pre-authorized?

If so, did your doctor's office pre-authorize the procedure?

This brings up the most important documents you have and need: your plan document and plan summary, or health insurance booklets. The plan document and plan summary are essentially a contract between you and the insurance company. You need to be sure that you have a current copy. If you do not have a copy, you must write to the plan administrator and request that a copy be sent to you. Under ERISA, these documents must be sent to you within thirty days of the written request or the company may be assessed penalties. READ your plan language. What does it say about your procedure and specific reason for denial? Under ERISA, a specific reason for denial must be stated in language that would be understandable to an employee. If the procedure was to be pre-authorized, do you or your doctor have a copy of the authorization or the approval from the insurance company? If no pre-authorization was required review specific exclusions listed in your plan. If your treatment is not identified as a specific exclusion, you need to begin your appeal.

Who can you contact to discuss the denial?

You need specific names and numbers of contact people. The denial letter from the insurance company may contain this information. You may need to call the insurance company and ask for a contact person. Be sure to ask for that person's direct line. Ask the staff at your doctor's office who you can call to ask questions and get any letters or records you may need. If you will be receiving your treatment at a facility away from home, be sure to have the name and number of your treating doctor's nurse. You will likely need to get letters from the treating doctor as well. You also need to be sure that you have a written copy of the steps that you must take in order to appeal the denial. This information should be in your plan document. It may also be in the denial letter. You may need to request this information from the insurance company. Be sure you understand each step of the appeal process. It is your path to obtaining reimbursement.

By answering these questions and collecting these documents you have the initial information you need. You have your plan document, your denial letter and you have the names of the contact people at the insurance company and the doctor's office. Now you must begin to educate yourself and continue to research the issue to achieve your goal of reimbursement. If you still do not understand your rights, or the appeal process is unclear, and the employer or insurer will not or cannot explain further, it may be helpful to contact an attorney. (See 'When to Consult an Attorney')

Step 3: 
You need to understand your condition or your loved one's condition before you can discuss the case with the insurance company. It is very important that you understand exactly what the doctor wants to do and why it is necessary. Read any copies of the letters your doctor may have submitted to the insurance company. The initial letter typically discusses the patient's case in simple medical terms and then explains what the doctor proposes to do. This letter is often referred to as the 'treatment plan' or 'plan of care'. You can also ask your doctor or nurse to explain it further. Often they may have written material that may be helpful, or they may be able to direct you in finding more information.

You need to be familiar with the type of insurance you have. If your insurance is through your employer or your spouse's employer, call the benefits manager and ask him or her to explain the coverage. For example, is the employer self insured and does the employer contract with a third party to administer the plan? Or does the employer contract with an outside company to administer the plan and pay the claims? It makes a difference because you may be able to get your denial overturned by working with the benefits manager or the designated representative of Human Resources. If the company is not self-insured, explaining the problem to the benefits manager, both verbally and in writing, may be very beneficial. The benefits manager can, in some situations, put enough pressure on the insurance company to get the denial overturned. Also, if the employer has had problems with the insurer they may choose not to renew the contract with that insurance company.

Step 4: 
After you have gathered the preliminary information and have a basic understanding of the illness and the insurance policy, you are ready to start the appeal process. Some appeals are handled by the doctor's office or the clinic or the hospital. In this situation, the patient is usually put in contact with a case manager who has experience in the appeals process. In this case, the patient should understand the steps in the process and should 'oversee' what is being done. It is suggested that the patient request copies of all letters and correspondence to and from the insurer. The patient should also be in close contact with the case manager or person handling the appeal for them.

In other situations, the patient and family are informed of the denial and they must handle the appeal on their own. If this is the case, you must manage your appeal. Your appeal should include:

An Appeal letter.
A letter from your doctor and specialist addressing specifics of your case.
Any pertinent information from your medical records.
Any articles from peer-reviewed clinical journals that support your case that illustrate medical effectiveness of the proposed treatment plan.

Your Appeal Letter
The purpose of the appeal letter is to tell the insurance company that you disagree with their decision and to state why you believe they should cover the procedure. The letter should be factual and written in a firm but pleasant tone. When writing your appeal letter you should include:

Your Identification.
This includes your policy number, group number, claim number, or other information used to identify your case.

The reason for the denial that they explained in the denial letter.

A brief history of the illness and necessary treatment. Typically this information will be included in the doctor's letter in detail but it can also be helpful to add a shorter and less complicated version in the patient's letter.

The correct information. If you believe the decision was made because of an error, state the correct information, i.e. is the denied procedure different from the requested procedure? Maybe a coding error was made and the insurance company believes you will be receiving a different drug.

Why you believe the decision was wrong. Specific information based on facts to show that the treatment should be provided, i.e. you may have to go out-of-network for a procedure but only because the procedure is medically necessary according to your doctor and there is no in-network provider for the treatment.

What you are asking the insurance company to do. Typically you are asking that the insurer reconsider the denial and approve coverage for the procedure in a timely manner. Sample Appeal Letters The Sample Appeal Letters included in this guide are designed to be a general guide for your specific letter.

Sample Appeal Letter
A was written as though the denial was based on a question of medical necessity. Sample Appeal Letter B addresses the issue of a denial based on 'out of network' benefits. Each patient and each denial are unique. It is recommended that you read each letter and then identify other important details that need to be added to your letter. You must also remain factual. It is very important that your denial letter be focused on the intended outcome.

Sample Letter A  
Sample Letter B 

Your Doctor's Appeal Letter.
You should also ask your doctor and your specialist to write a letter discussing your specific case and why your treatment is medically necessary. The letter should be addressed to the person at the insurance company that sent you the denial letter, or directly to the medical director at the insurance company. It should include:

Any information about your illness that your doctor feels is clinically important.
The prescribed treatment plan.
Why the treatment is medically necessary.
Sample Physician's Letter

Medical Records
Ask your doctor and specialist if there are any documents in your medical records that may be helpful in your appeal. For example, it may be helpful to send a pathology result documenting the specific cell type. In the case of certain cancers, the insurance company may need to see what chemotherapy drugs you have already received. In some cases the insurance company may ask to see specific documents from your medical records.

Articles from peer-reviewed clinical journals
Often an insurance company will deny a procedure because they believe there is not enough evidence that the procedure is helpful for a specific disease. If you and your doctor believe this is the basis for your denial, you need to submit documentation that the procedure is effective. This documentation should be in the form of articles that come from the professional journals or 'magazines' that doctors use to keep up to date on the latest treatments.

These journals have editorial boards of physicians who specialize in specific areas of medicine. That is what makes a journal 'peer reviewed'. This type of documentation has become very popular with the insurance companies and it is very common for them to request this type of documentation. Your physician and specialist have probably had such a request for information in the past and they can assist you in obtaining these articles. These four pieces of information should be put together in a 'packet' and be submitted to the insurance company by registered mail or some other form that you will be able to track and find out who signed for the information. This will alleviate the excuse that the information was 'never received'. You should keep a duplicate copy of all the information you are submitting and add it to your file. You may wish to call to confirm receipt of your materials.

After the denial has been received and your appeal has been submitted, the next thing to do is wait for a response. Waiting can be the hardest part. Your plan probably gives a length of time that the insurance company has to respond to your appeal. If it does not, you need to ask the benefits manager or the insurance company when you will be notified of the response. If you are unable to get a response, you may want to consider legal counsel. (see "When to Consult an Attorney")

Sample Appeal Letters
The Physician's Sample Appeal Letter is also a general guide for a specific letter. Most physicians have written appeal letters many times. Some are far removed from the appeal process and are unsure of the specifics of your denial. They may also be unsure of the amount of information necessary. It is important that you communicate the specific reason for the denial to your treating physician and ask that they write their appeal letter with enough information to address the denial specifically.

Step 5:
If you receive a phone call or a letter informing you that your denial has been overturned and the insurance company will cover the procedure, Congratulations! Before you celebrate you need to request a copy of the approval letter. You also need to be sure that you are aware of any conditions that are included. For example, you may get an approval to have the surgical procedure, but the insurance company may only cover it if it is performed by one of the doctors in their plan that you have never seen. If the conditions are unreasonable and unacceptable to you, discuss them with your doctor and insurance contact person. You may consider continuing with the appeal process. Most plans have several levels of appeal.

If your appeal has been denied, you also need a copy of the second denial letter. Like your original denial letter, this letter must also contain the specific reason for denial. Read the letter carefully. It may have a different reason for the denial. For example, the original denial letter states that a bone marrow transplant was denied because it was not effective for the disease, and was to be performed 'out-of network'. You submitted your appeal and all the appropriate documentation. The second denial letter rejects the procedure because 'there was not enough evidence provided to show that the transplant is medically necessary'. These are very different reasons for denying the same procedure.

Typically, the second level of appeal will be reviewed by a different group of people at the insurance company. Usually your second denial letter will explain the reason for denial and may even ask that you submit specific information that was not received with your first appeal letter. Be sure to notify your doctor of the decision and the new information that is needed. This denial letter may instruct that if you are interested in appealing further that you send your letter and new information to a different person. If you decide to continue with the appeal process, you should submit another appeal packet with new information specifically addressing the current reason for denial. Again, keep copies of all information and send the packet registered mail, return receipt requested. If your appeal is again denied, you should request the third denial in writing and notify your doctor. If you believe your insurance company should cover the procedure and are willing to proceed with the appeal process, you should refer to your plan document for the next step.

At this point some insurance companies will offer you what they call an 'external review'. This means that the insurance company will send your appeal to a company that they contract with who will review the denial, the appeal, and any new information and make a recommendation to the insurance company about the procedure in question. The external review board is typically made up of nurses, attorneys, and doctors who specialize in the specific procedure you are asking the insurance company to cover. In some states the law allows the patient to request that your case be sent for an external review.

If you live in a state who has an external review board, you can contact the state department of insurance for further information.

While external review can be very beneficial, it is important that the limitations are clear. The external review company can only act within specific parameters. They cannot override your policy. They can make decisions based on your policy guidelines. For example, you need to have surgery and want an 'out-of-network' doctor miles from your town to perform the surgery but you have a policy with no out-of-network benefits. Your insurance company agrees that you need the surgery and has an in-network surgeon in your town. If the surgeon in your town is in-network and is qualified to perform the surgery the external review board would probably not be helpful because of the nature of your request. However, if you and your surgeon believe that the surgeon in your town is not qualified to perform the surgery for a specific reason and you can support this with the necessary documentation, the external review board may be able to substantiate your claim. That may result in the insurance company overturning your denial.

At this point, if you have exhausted all the levels of appeal and are not satisfied with the decision, your remaining alternative may be to pursue the issue in court.